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MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a patented digital
audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression. It is a common
audio format for consumer audio storage, as well as a de facto standard of
digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on digital
audio players.
MP3 is an audio-specific format that was designed by the Moving Picture Experts
Group as part of its MPEG-1 standard. The group was formed by several teams of
engineers at Fraunhofer IIS in Erlangen, Germany, AT&T-Bell Labs (now a division
of Alcatel-Lucent) in Murray Hill, NJ, USA, Thomson-Brandt, and CCETT as well as
others. It was approved as an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.
The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently
independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from AT&T-Bell Labs in Murray
Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to
publish and to produce hardware for speech, not usable as music bit compression,
but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory
Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic
codec development. Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure
in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, and his paper
had influence in acoustic and source-coding (audio data compression) research.
Both Krasner and Schroeder built upon the work performed by Eberhard F. Zwicker
in the areas of tuning and masking of critical bands, that in turn built on the
fundamental research in the area from Bell Labs of Harvey Fletcher and his
collaborators. A wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression
algorithms were reported in IEEE's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications.
That journal reported in February 1988 on a wide range of established, working
audio bit compression technologies, some of them using auditory masking as part
of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware
implementations.
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