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Contents:
Dua,
Dual-modulus prescaler,
Dual-ported RAM,
Dual-tone multi-frequency,
Dual-tone multifrequency signaling,
Dual,
Duala,
Duala language,
DualIsm,
Dualism (philosophy of mind),
DualisticInteractionism,
Dualistic distich,
Dualistic interactionism,
Duality,
Duality (linear algebra),
Dual access,
Dual Alliance, 1879,
Dual Alliance (1879),
Dual grammatical number,
Dual in-line package,
Dual mode propulsion rocket,
Dual number,
Dual polyhedron,
Dual space,
Dual tone multi-frequency,
Dual tone multi frequency,
Dual vector space,
Duamutef,
Duane, New York,
Duanesburg (CDP), New York,
Duanesburg (CDP), Schenectady County, New York,
Duanesburg (town), New York,
Duanesburg (town), Schenectady County, New York,
Duane Chapman,
Duane Eddy,
Duane Johnson,
Duane Lake, New York,
Duarte, California,
Duarte, Duke of Bragança,
Duat,
Dub,
Dubach, Louisiana,
Dubai,
Dubai International Airport,
Dubberly, Louisiana,
Dubbing,
Dubh I of Scotland,
Dubious historical resources,
Dublin, California,
Dublin, Georgia,
Dublin, Indiana,
Dublin, Ireland,
Dublin, New Hampshire,
Dublin, North Carolina,
Dublin, Ohio,
Dublin, Pennsylvania,
Dublin, Texas,
Dublin, Virginia,
Dublin,
Dublin Castle,
Dublin City,
Dublin Core,
Dublin Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania,
Dublin Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania,
Dublin Township, Minnesota,
Dublin Township, Pennsylvania,
Dubnium,
Dubois, Idaho,
DuBois, Pennsylvania,
Dubois, Wyoming,
Duboistown, Pennsylvania,
Dubois County, Indiana,
Dubois County Dragons,
Dubrawka,
Dubrovnik, Croatia,
Dubrovnik,
Dubuque, Iowa,
Dubuque County, Iowa,
Dubya,
Dubya Dubya Three,
Dub (music),
Dub music,
Ducal Prussia,
Ducati,
Ducati Motor Holding,
Duccio,
Duchesne, Utah,
Duchesne County, Utah,
Duchess,
Duchess Landing, Oklahoma,
Duchess of Argyll,
Duchy,
Duchy of Lancaster,
Duchy of Nassau,
Duchy of Prussia,
Duck,
Duckburg,
Duckman,
Ducks Deluxe,
DuckTales,
DuckTales the Movie Treasure of the Lost Lamp,
Ducktown, Tennessee,
Duckweed,
Duckworth the Butler,
Duck Amuck,
Duck duck goose,
Duck family,
Duck Hill, Mississippi,
Duck Hunt,
Duck Key, Florida,
Duck Soup,
Duck Tales,
Duck Tales Stories,
Ducor, California,
Duct,
Ductile,
Ductility,
Duct tape,
Duc de Morny,
Duc de Richelieu,
Dude Ranch,
Dudley, Georgia,
Dudley, Massachusetts,
Dudley, Missouri,
Dudley, Pennsylvania,
Dudleyville, Arizona,
Dudley Do-Right,
Dudley Herschbach,
Dudley Moore,
Dudley R. Herschbach,
Dudley R Herschbach,
Dudley Township, Minnesota,
Duel,
Duellona,
Duel (film),
Duel in the Sun,
Duenweg, Missouri,
Dueren (district),
Duero,
Duesberg hypothesis,
Duesseldorf,
Duesseldorf (region),
Duet,
Due process,
Due West, South Carolina,
Duffel,
Dufferin Roblin,
Duffield, Virginia,
Duffman,
Duff Beer,
Duff Hart-Davis,
Duff Man,
Dufur, Oregon,
Dugald Stewart,
Dugandzic Tommy,
Dugan Duck,
Dugazon,
Dugger, Indiana,
Dugong,
Dugongidae,
Dugway, Utah,
Duiker,
Duisburg,
Duiven,
Duivendrecht,
Dukat,
Duke,
Dukedom of Cornwall,
Dukes and Earls of Albemarle,
Dukes County, Massachusetts,
Dukes of Devonshire,
Dukes of Newcastle,
Dukes of Norfolk,
Dukes of Rutland,
Dukes of Wellington,
Duke Albert the Bold of Saxony,
Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
Duke Ellington,
Duke Kahanamoku,
Duke Leto Atreides,
Duke Nukem 3D,
Duke Nukem Forever,
Duke of Abercorn,
Duke of Albemarle,
Duke of Aquitaine,
Duke of Buckingham,
Duke of Cambridge,
Duke of Clarence,
Duke of Connaught,
Duke of Cornwall,
Duke of Devonshire,
Duke of Edinburgh,
Duke of Gloucester,
Duke of Kent,
Duke of Lancaster,
Duke of Leinster,
Duke of Marlborough,
Duke of Monmouth,
Duke of Newcastle,
Duke of Norfolk,
Duke of Normandy,
Duke of Portland,
Duke of Rothesay,
Duke of Rutland,
Duke of Wellington,
Duke of Westminster,
Duke of Windsor,
Duke of York,
Duke Quartet,
Duke Reid,
Duke University,
Dukkha,
Duk Koo Kim,
Dulac, Louisiana,
Dularcha National Park,
Dulce, New Mexico,
Dulce Patria, recibe los votos,
Dulcie Ranges National Park,
Dulcimer,
Dulles International Airport,
Dulong-Petit law,
Dulong and Petit's law,
Duluth, Georgia,
Duluth, Minnesota,
Duluth,
Duluth NFL,
Duluth Township, Minnesota,
Dulwich, London, England,
Dulwich,
Dulwich College,
Duma,
Dumas, Arkansas,
Dumas, Mississippi,
Dumas, Texas,
Dumballah,
Dumbarton, Virginia,
Dumbarton Bridge,
Dumbarton Oaks Conference,
Dumbledore,
Dumbo,
Dumb cane.,
Dumb cane,
Dumb terminal,
Dumfries, Virginia,
Dumfries,
Dumfries and Galloway,
Dummer, New Hampshire,
Dummerston, Vermont,
Dumnonii,
Dumont, Iowa,
Dumont, Minnesota,
Dumont, New Jersey,
DuMont,
DuMont Network,
Dumping,
Dumpster-diving,
Dumpster diving,
Dum dum,
Dunadd,
Dunbar, Nebraska,
Dunbar, Pennsylvania,
Dunbar, West Virginia,
Dunbar, Wisconsin,
Dunbar,
Dunbarton, New Hampshire,
Dunbar Township, Minnesota,
Dunbar Township, Pennsylvania,
Dunblane (Scotland) Massacre,
Dunblane Massacre,
Duncan, Arizona,
Duncan, Mississippi,
Duncan, Nebraska,
Duncan, Oklahoma,
Duncan, South Carolina,
Duncannon, Pennsylvania,
Duncansville, Pennsylvania,
Duncanville, Texas,
Duncan Campbell,
Duncan Forbes,
Duncan Grant,
Duncan Idaho,
Duncan II,
Duncan II of Scotland,
Duncan I of Scotland,
Duncan J. Watts,
Duncan Sandys,
Duncan Township, Michigan,
Duncan Township, Pennsylvania,
Dunchad of Dalriada,
Duncombe, Iowa,
Dundaga,
Dundalk, Ireland,
Dundalk, Maryland,
Dundalk, Ontario,
Dundalk,
Dundarrach, North Carolina,
Dundas, Minnesota,
Dundee, Florida,
Dundee, Iowa,
Dundee, Michigan,
Dundee, Minnesota,
Dundee, New York,
Dundee, Oregon,
Dundee, Scotland,
Dundee,
Dundee Township, Michigan,
Dundy County, Nebraska,
Dune,
Dunean, South Carolina,
Dunedain,
Dunedin, Florida,
Dunedin, New Zealand,
Dunedin,
Dunellen, New Jersey,
Dunes City, Oregon,
Dunes Road, Florida,
Dune (computer game),
Dune (film),
Dune (games),
Dune (movie),
Dune (novel),
Dune Acres, Indiana,
Dune buggy,
Dune Messiah,
Dune Characters,
Dune Films,
Dune Games,
Dune Piter De Vries,
Dune Videogame,
Dune Videogames,
Dune Vladimir Harkonnen,
Dunfermline, Illinois,
Dunfermline,
Dunfermline Abbey,
Dung,
Dungal of Dalriada,
Dungan,
Dungannon, Virginia,
Dungannon,
Dungans,
Dungan language,
DungeonMagazine,
Dungeons & Dragons,
Dungeons and Dragons,
Dungeon and Dragons,
Dungeon magazine,
Dungeon Magic,
Dungeon Master,
Dunggir National Park,
Dunhuang,
Dunkard Township, Pennsylvania,
Dunkerque,
Dunkerton, Iowa,
Dunkirk, France,
Dunkirk, Indiana,
Dunkirk, Maryland,
Dunkirk, Ohio,
Dunkirk, Wisconsin,
Dunkirk,
Dunkirk (city), Chautauqua County, New York,
Dunkirk (city), New York,
Dunkirk (town), Chautauqua County, New York,
Dunkirk (town), New York,
Dunkirk evacuation,
Dunklin County, Missouri,
Dunland,
Dunlap, Illinois,
Dunlap, Indiana,
Dunlap, Iowa,
Dunlap, Kansas,
Dunlap, Tennessee,
Dunlevy, Pennsylvania,
Dunlop Standard Aerospace Group,
Dunmore, Pennsylvania,
Dunmore County, Virgina,
Dunn, Dane County, Wisconsin,
Dunn, Dunn County, Wisconsin,
Dunn, North Carolina,
Dunn, Wisconsin,
Dunnell, Minnesota,
Dunnellon, Florida,
Dunning, Nebraska,
Dunnstable Township, Pennsylvania,
Dunnstown, Pennsylvania,
Dunn Center, North Dakota,
Dunn County, North Dakota,
Dunn County, Wisconsin,
Dunn Loring, Virginia,
Dunn Township, Minnesota,
Dunoon,
Dunquerke,
Dunreith, Indiana,
Dunseith, North Dakota,
Dunsmuir, California,
Dunstable, England,
Dunstable, Massachusetts,
Dunstable,
Dunstan,
Dunstanburgh,
Dunstanburgh Castle,
Duns Scotus,
Dunwich, England,
Dunwoody, Georgia,
Dun Laoghaire,
Duobinary signal,
Duodecimal,
Duodenum,
Duomo,
Duomo di Milano,
Duong Van Minh,
Duopoly,
Duotrigintillion,
DuPage County, Illinois,
Duplain Township, Michigan,
Dupleix,
Duplex,
Duplexer,
Duplexing,
Duplicating machines,
Duplin County, North Carolina,
Dupo, Illinois,
DuPont's Detasheet,
Dupont, Indiana,
Dupont, Ohio,
Dupont, Pennsylvania,
DuPont, Washington,
Dupont, Wisconsin,
DuPont,
DuPont corporation,
DuPont Manual Magnet High School,
Dupont Plaza Hotel,
Dupree, South Dakota,
Duquesne, Missouri,
Duquesne, Pennsylvania,
Durability (computer science),
Duralumin,
Duraluminum,
Durand, Illinois,
Durand, Michigan,
Durandal,
Durand (city), Pepin County, Wisconsin,
Durand (city), Wisconsin,
Durand (town), Pepin County, Wisconsin,
Durand (town), Wisconsin,
Durand Line,
Durand Township, Minnesota,
Durango, Colorado,
Durango, Iowa,
Durango,
Durango (state),
Durango Boot,
Durango City,
Durango State,
Durant, Iowa,
Durant, Mississippi,
Durant, Oklahoma,
Duran Duran,
Duration,
Durbin, West Virginia,
Durbuy,
Duress,
Durga,
Durgha,
Durham, California,
Durham, County Durham, England,
Durham, England,
Durham, Kansas,
Durham, Maine,
Durham, New York,
Durham, North Carolina,
Durham, Oregon,
Durham, United Kingdom,
Durham,
Durham (CDP), Connecticut,
Durham (CDP), Middlesex County, Connecticut,
Durham (CDP), New Hampshire,
Durham (CDP), Strafford County, New Hampshire,
Durham (disambiguation),
Durham (town), Connecticut,
Durham (town), Middlesex County, Connecticut,
Durham (town), New Hampshire,
Durham (town), Strafford County, New Hampshire,
Durham Cathedral,
Durham County, England,
Durham County, North Carolina,
Durham County,
Durham Region, Ontario,
Durham Students' Union,
Durham Township, Pennsylvania,
Durham University,
Durian,
Durin's Bane,
Durin,
Durins Bane,
Durin VI,
Durium Records,
Duron,
Duronius,
Durruti is Dead, Yet Living,
Dursley,
Durufle,
Duruflé,
Duryea, Pennsylvania,
Dusan's code,
Dusan,
Dusan Makavejev,
Dusan silni,
Dushanbe, Tajikistan,
Dushanbe,
Dushore, Pennsylvania,
Dusk,
Dusky Hopping-mouse,
Dusky Hopping Mouse,
Duson, Louisiana,
Dusseldorf,
Dussumieria,
Dust,
Dustin, Oklahoma,
Dustin Acres, California,
Dustin Hoffman,
Dusty Springfield,
Dust (The Twilight Zone),
Dust Bowl,
Dust Brothers,
Dust devil,
Dust storm,
Dutc,
Dutch,
Dutchess County, New York,
Dutchtown, Missouri,
Dutch (language),
Dutch America History,
Dutch colonization of the Americas,
Dutch disease,
Dutch East India Company,
Dutch East Indies,
Dutch elm disease,
Dutch euro coins,
Dutch famine of 1944,
Dutch Football League,
Dutch Football League teams,
Dutch Golden Age, List Of People,
Dutch Golden Age,
Dutch government in exile,
Dutch hip hop,
Dutch language,
Dutch Limburg,
Dutch monarchy,
Dutch music,
Dutch New Guinea,
Dutch parliament,
Dutch politics,
Dutch pudding,
Dutch Railways,
Dutch Reformed,
Dutch Reformed Church,
Dutch Republic,
Dutch revolt,
Dutch Royal Marines,
Dutch War of Independence,
Dutch West India Company,
Duties of the Heart,
Dutton, Alabama,
Dutton, Montana,
Duty,
Duty cycle,
Duvall, Washington,
Duval County, Florida,
Duval County, Texas,
Duverger's Law,
Duvergers Law,
Duwamish River,
Duwamish Waterway,
Duxbury, Vermont,
Duxbury (CDP), Massachusetts,
Duxbury (CDP), Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
Duxbury (town), Massachusetts,
Duxbury (town), Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
Du Bois, Illinois,
Du Bois, Nebraska,
Du gamla, Du fria,
Du Hast,
Du Page County, Illinois,
Du Pont, Georgia,
Du Pont,
Du Quoin, Illinois,
index,
...
Did you know?
MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a patented digital
audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression. It is a common
audio format for consumer audio storage, as well as a de facto standard of
digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on digital
audio players.
MP3 is an audio-specific format that was designed by the Moving Picture Experts
Group as part of its MPEG-1 standard. The group was formed by several teams of
engineers at Fraunhofer IIS in Erlangen, Germany, AT&T-Bell Labs (now a division
of Alcatel-Lucent) in Murray Hill, NJ, USA, Thomson-Brandt, and CCETT as well as
others. It was approved as an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.
The use in MP3 of a lossy compression algorithm is designed to greatly reduce
the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound
like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most
listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will
result in a file that is about 1/11th the size of the CD file created from the
original audio source. An MP3 file can also be constructed at higher or lower
bit rates, with higher or lower resulting quality.
The compression works by reducing accuracy of certain parts of sound that are
deemed beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is
commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It internally provides a
representation of sound within a short-term time/frequency analysis window, by
using psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less
audible to human hearing, and recording the remaining information in an
efficient manner.
The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual
limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, Alfred Marshall
Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower
frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves
regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing
auditory masking with high accuracy.
This work added on a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher,
and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical
bandwidths.
The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently
independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from AT&T-Bell Labs in Murray
Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to
publish and to produce hardware for speech, not usable as music bit compression,
but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory
Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic
codec development. Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure
in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, and his paper
had influence in acoustic and source-coding (audio data compression) research.
Both Krasner and Schroeder built upon the work performed by Eberhard F. Zwicker
in the areas of tuning and masking of critical bands, that in turn built on the
fundamental research in the area from Bell Labs of Harvey Fletcher and his
collaborators. A wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression
algorithms were reported in IEEE's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications.
That journal reported in February 1988 on a wide range of established, working
audio bit compression technologies, some of them using auditory masking as part
of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware
implementations.
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